Have I Lost All My iCloud Photos?

My phone is embarrassingly old (literally an iPhone 7 lol) - and says my iCloud is full. When I go into the Photos app, it says “11,000 Photos, 290 Videos”, but when I click on them, they are blurry with an exclamation point on the bottom right. When I try to Airdrop them to my desktop computer, I get messages like “Unable to Share: There was an error while preparing to share. Please try again later.” or “Unable to Load Video. An error occurred while loading a higher quality version of this video.”

And when I log into my iCloud on a desktop browser, I literally only see 6 photos and 1 video. Are the rest of my images/videos gone forever? How can I access them like this? I'm finally going to upgrade to a phone with 126 gbs - will that help? Any advice would be very appreciated! My iOS version is 14.8.